This update keeps the ten distinct phone + OS configurations from the earlier report — six practical Android-based daily drivers and four specialist Linux options — and adds their origins: for each, the manufacturer’s country of origin and founding year, and the OS project’s country of origin and the year it began or was first released. “From” means the organization’s or project’s country of origin, never the assembly country; “founded” means the company’s founding year, not a handset’s release year. OS projects are mostly not companies, so their year is labelled by event (project start, announcement, or first release). Evidence comes from about 1,140 normalized source rows across many independent sites; two facts remain not reliably established and are shown as such.
| Configuration | Manufacturer | Mfr origin | Mfr founded | OS | OS origin | OS began / first released | Year definition | Sources |
|---|
Notes: GrapheneOS’s official history dates the project lineage to late 2014 (as CopperheadOS / Android Hardening); the GrapheneOS name was announced in April 2019, and the Canadian nonprofit GrapheneOS Foundation was formed in March 2023 — the foundation date is not the OS’s start date. For /e/OS some sources give 2018 (e Foundation incorporation) rather than the 2017 concept announcement; iodé technologies incorporated in 2021, after 2020 development began; DistroWatch lists an unrelated 2009 French PureOS first release.
Method: origins and founding years for 10 privacy phone + OS configurations, compiled from a normalized evidence pool of 1,143 source rows plus extracted hardware-origin (751 rows), OS-origin (774 rows) and GrapheneOS-history (84 rows) sets. For each entity the best-supported country and year were chosen by source quality and official histories; rows whose year referred to article dates, handset releases or later incorporations were rejected. “Origin” is the organization or project’s country of origin, not assembly or component sourcing. postmarketOS and Ubuntu Touch origin countries are left not reliably established because the supplied sources conflict. Full evidence lists were cut for space; one or two representative sources are linked per row.