Nine of eleven historic routes now speak one unit — from 3,000 tonnes of incense a year to Suez's 1.568 billion

Eleven long-distance trade corridors from roughly 300 BCE to today, mapped between benchmark endpoints and normalized to metric tonnes per year where a defensible figure exists. Nine of the eleven carry a tonnes/year value; six of those are estimates or unit conversions and three are direct annual observations. Two stay blank by design: the Silk Roads, and the transatlantic slave trade, whose victims are never expressed as cargo mass.

World trade routes through time — tonnes per year

Direct annual tonnage observation EST. estimated or unit-converted No tonnes/year by design — never shown as zero Arc width ∝ log of tonnes/year, capped
300 BCE

Every tonnes/year figure is a single commodity- and benchmark-specific snapshot, not a continuous historical series: the animation shows when a route emerged and its relative benchmark magnitude, never year-by-year measured volume. Timeline runs 3× slower per year from the 15th century onward, so modern routes get room to breathe. Arcs are great circles between benchmark endpoints; a faded arc means the route's era has passed at the selected year.

What the map cannot say alone

The two largest flows sit six orders of magnitude above the smallest: Suez carried a directly observed 1.568 billion tonnes in 2023 (egypttoursportal.com), while the Manila Galleon's 1602 silver benchmark was 127.8 tonnes (scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu).
Malacca's ≈1.155 billion tonnes/year is a conversion, not a measurement: 23.2 million barrels of oil a day (ednews.net) × 365, divided by 7.33 barrels per metric tonne (allcalculators.co.uk) — crude mix and density vary, so it wears an EST. badge.
The Indo-Roman figure of 40,800 tonnes/year is nominal capacity, not verified cargo: up to 120 ships a year (books.openedition.org) × 340 tonnes per ship (journals.sagepub.com).
Two blanks are deliberate: no defensible network-wide annual figure exists for the Silk Roads (gateway.ipfs.cybernode.ai), and the 12.5 million people embarked on transatlantic slave-trade routes between 1501 and 1867 were victims of forced migration, never convertible to cargo tonnes (neh.gov).

All eleven routes, normalized to metric tonnes/year

RouteActiveTonnes/yearStatusBenchmarkConversion methodSource

Method: 11 mapped trade corridors, one row each, normalized to metric tonnes/year; 9 rows carry a tonnes/year value, 6 of which are estimates or unit conversions (marked EST.) and 3 direct annual observations; research current to the 2023–2025 benchmark years cited per row. Each figure is a commodity- and benchmark-specific snapshot, not a time series. Arc width uses a capped logarithmic scale with a minimum visible stroke so ancient low-volume routes stay legible beside billion-tonne modern flows; the two routes without tonnage are drawn as thin dashed arcs and never plotted as zero. Timeline animation uses a piecewise mapping: each year from the 15th century onward consumes 3× the screen time of earlier years. Arcs are endpoint great circles, not exact historical paths; way stations are listed in tooltips.

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